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However, the attack is still viable because the FairPlay MITM attack only requires these apps to have been available in the App Store once. Apple removed these three apps from the App Store after we reported them in late February 2016. In this case, AceDeceiver only displays malicious behaviors when a user is located in China, but that would be easy for the attacker to change in any time.

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These apps successfully bypassed Apple’s code review at least seven times (including the first time each was uploaded and then four rounds of code updates, which require an additional review by Apple for each instance) using a method similar to that used by ZergHelper, where the app tailors its behavior based on the physical geographic region in which it’s being executed. Three different iOS apps in the AceDeceiver family were uploaded to the official App Store between July 2015 and February 2016, and all of them claimed to be wallpaper apps.

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Therefore, the user can install apps they never actually paid for, and the creator of the software can install potentially malicious apps without the user’s knowledge.

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They then developed PC software that simulates the iTunes client behaviors, and tricks iOS devices to believe the app was purchased by victim. In the FairPlay MITM attack, attackers purchase an app from App Store then intercept and save the authorization code. iOS devices will request an authorization code for each app installed to prove the app was actually purchased. They then can use the computers to install the apps onto their iOS devices. (The FairPlay MITM attack technique was also presented at the USENIX Security Symposium in 2014 however, attacks using this technique are still occurring successfully.)Īpple allows users purchase and download iOS apps from their App Store through the iTunes client running in their computer.

This technique is called “FairPlay Man-In-The-Middle (MITM)” and has been used since 2013 to spread pirated iOS apps, but this is the first time we’ve seen it used to spread malware. It does so by exploiting design flaws in Apple’s DRM mechanism, and even as Apple has removed AceDeceiver from App Store, it may still spread thanks to a novel attack vector.ĪceDeceiver is the first iOS malware we’ve seen that abuses certain design flaws in Apple’s DRM protection mechanism - namely FairPlay - to install malicious apps on iOS devices regardless of whether they are jailbroken.

What makes AceDeceiver different from previous iOS malware is that instead of abusing enterprise certificates as some iOS malware has over the past two years, AceDeceiver manages to install itself without any enterprise certificate at all. We’ve discovered a new family of iOS malware that successfully infected non-jailbroken devices we’ve named “AceDeceiver”.